Hydrometeorological Conditions of the Volga Flow Generation into the Caspian Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum

The goal of this study is to evaluate annual and seasonal inflow from the Volga catchment area Caspian Sea during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM ~21,000 years ago) using paleoclimate modeling data. first approach based on LGM simulation by general circulation models (GCMs) in framework Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) Coupled (CMIP6). We used four GCMs: INM-CM4-8, MIROC-ES2L, AWI-ESM1-1-LR, MPI-ESM1-2-LR. second spatially distributed process-based runoff generation model PMIP4-CMIP6 data as boundary conditions. use hydrological ECOMAG allows us refine estimates comparison GCM calculations considering features related periglacial vegetation distribution, permafrost, streamflow transformation along channel network. characterized a high uncertainty meteorological values calculated for basin various GCMs. share three most flooded months was 95%, according while other GCMs ranged 69–78%. Three (MIROC-ES2L, MPI-ESM1-2-LR) showed 83–88% present-day value precipitation cooling more than 10 °C, INM-CM4-8 two-fold decrease. According results models, significantly higher value, and, when it lower.